Federal investigations are among the most serious and high-stakes legal matters any person can face. Unlike state-level cases, federal investigations involve powerful government agencies with vast resources, trained investigators, and sophisticated surveillance tactics. These cases often begin quietly, long before an arrest is made or charges are filed—and how you respond during this early stage can significantly impact your future.

At The Law Offices of Thomas J. McHugh, PLLC, we defend individuals across San Antonio and throughout Texas who are targets, subjects, or witnesses in federal investigations. Here is what you need to know if federal agents are watching, questioning, or contacting you.

Federal Investigations Begin Long Before You Realize It

Federal agencies often spend months—or even years—building a case before contacting a suspect directly. During this early phase, agencies such as the:

• FBI
• DEA
• ATF
• Department of Homeland Security
• Secret Service
• U.S. Attorney’s Office

…conduct surveillance, collect digital evidence, interview witnesses, run financial analyses, and use confidential informants to gather information.

By the time you’re contacted, the government may already have built a substantial case.

Are You a Target, Subject, or Witness? Understanding Your Status Matters

Federal prosecutors classify individuals in an investigation into three categories:

✔ Target

The government believes you committed a crime and is preparing to charge you.

✔ Subject

You may have done something illegal, and the government is investigating your involvement.

✔ Witness

You have information the government believes is relevant to the case.

Many people misunderstand their status and accidentally incriminate themselves.

Even witnesses can become targets—which is why it is critical to seek legal counsel before speaking to federal agents.

Common Types of Federal Investigations in Texas

Certain crimes fall under federal jurisdiction because they involve national security, interstate activity, or federal property. Common federal offenses include:

National Security Crimes

• Terrorism
• Material support of terrorist organizations
• Espionage
• Treason
• Threats against public officials

White Collar Offenses

• Bank fraud
• Wire fraud
• Identity theft
• Money laundering
• Counterfeiting (Secret Service cases)

Drug-Related Federal Crimes

• Large-scale trafficking
• Conspiracy
• Interstate or international drug operations

Immigration-Related Federal Offenses

• Illegal re-entry
• Document fraud
• Immigration-related conspiracy

These charges often carry extreme penalties, including long federal prison sentences, asset forfeiture, and even life imprisonment.

Federal Agents Use Sophisticated Investigative Tactics

During federal investigations, agencies rely on tools and resources far beyond what state authorities can access, including:

• Wiretaps and phone monitoring
• Search warrants and digital device seizures
• Email and social media tracking
• GPS tracking and surveillance teams
• Undercover operations
• Confidential informants
• Financial audits and bank subpoenas

The government’s goal is to gather enough evidence to secure an indictment—often through a federal grand jury.

Grand Jury Subpoenas & Interviews

You may learn you’re part of an investigation if you receive:

• A subpoena to testify
• A request for documents
• A visit or phone call from federal agents
• A “target letter” from the U.S. Attorney

Never ignore a subpoena and never speak to agents without an attorney present.

Anything you say can—and will—be used against you.

When Charges Are Filed: Indictment & Arrest

Once enough evidence is gathered, federal prosecutors will present the case to a grand jury. If the grand jury believes there is probable cause, they issue an indictment. This may lead to:

• A warrant for your arrest
• A summons to appear in court
• Bail conditions or detention while awaiting trial

Federal cases move quickly once charges are filed, making early defense preparation critical.

Why You Should Never Speak to Federal Agents Alone

Federal agents are trained interrogators. They often appear friendly or informal but are gathering evidence. Even innocent people risk incriminating themselves if they speak without representation.

Reasons you should not speak alone:

• You may accidentally provide damaging information
• You may misunderstand your status
• Your words can be misinterpreted or used against you
• Agents are not required to tell you the full scope of your investigation

Your silence cannot hurt you—your words can.

How an Experienced Federal Defense Attorney Protects You

Federal cases require specialized knowledge. Attorney Thomas J. McHugh provides strategic, aggressive defense for high-risk federal matters.

Our firm can:

• Determine your status in the investigation
• Communicate with federal prosecutors on your behalf
• Challenge surveillance and search procedures
• Protect your constitutional rights
• Advise you on subpoenas, interviews, and agent contact
• Build a defense strategy before an indictment occurs
• Prevent escalation from “subject” to “target”
• Defend you throughout trial, negotiations, or dismissal efforts

Early intervention can drastically affect the outcome of a federal investigation.

Contact a San Antonio Federal Defense Attorney Immediately

If you suspect you are under federal investigation—or if federal agents have contacted you—you must take action now. The earlier you secure representation, the more options you may have.

📞 Call 210-227-4662

Schedule a confidential consultation with The Law Offices of Thomas J. McHugh, PLLC and protect your rights before federal prosecutors act.